I found
this absolute gem a year or so ago. It appears to be an excellent metaphor for
the cyclical nature of cultural rise and decline. Indeed, the peculiar first
person singular and plural in the poem (“I” and “We”) seem best to identify the
speaker as symbolic of Society. This is borne out by the second line in the
second to last stanza.
As
for the identification of the Gods of the Market and the Gods of the Copybook
Headings, both are best understood when the word “Gods” is thus defined:
- gods are mighty beings who create, sustain order, and rule over things (governing destiny and imposing laws). In this regard, they can be people, divine spiritual beings, or simply symbolic references to the forces that lie behind, in a causative manner, some phenomenon.
- following that, the Gods of the Market appear to be both the micro and macro level mechanics of the economy, and prominent economists, academics and politicians. Take note that the market need not be as narrowly defined as merely monetary exchange, but the exchange of ideas and on the broadest level, the interactions of people in large groups with each other. So I take the Gods of the Market to be, on a level, the voice of a portion of mankind, those having lofty ideas about how to order society—as the poem shows their respective failure to do.
- the Gods of the Copybook Headings, then, are to be identified as both the laws of nature that ensure that the proverbial “common wisdom” is always proven true by history, and the outspoken ‘wise men’ who propound these truths and stand against the tide of public opinion and endeavor to teach the wisdom of history to Society.
What
is a copybook heading? Remember that Kipling wrote around the turn of the 20th
century. Copybooks were notebooks used in British schools, where sentences were
copied by students over and over, both to drill in the knowledge of what they
were writing, and to practice their script. On each page at the top or bottom,
there would typically be short proverbs printed. I don’t recall if I read that
these were what was copied, or if they were just included as a publisher’s
design. If they were what was copied, the symbolism gets even stronger, because
there is the added implication that Society has had common sense drilled into its head, again and again, only to ignore
it in favor of the promises of the Gods of the Market, until finally the adage,
“those who do not learn from history are condemned to repeat it” comes true. Copybook
headings imbued wisdom in pithy, easily remembered ways. With that in mind,
enjoy one of the most poignant poems I’ve ever read: